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even movement

  • 1 even movement

    even movement равномерное движение

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > even movement

  • 2 even movement

    Общая лексика: равномерное движение

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > even movement

  • 3 even movement

    Новый англо-русский словарь > even movement

  • 4 even

    even [ˊi:vn] n
    поэт. ве́чер
    even [ˊi:vn]
    1. a
    1) ро́вный, гла́дкий
    2) одина́ковый; тот же са́мый; схо́дный;

    even date бухг. то же число́

    3) ра́вный, на одно́м у́ровне (with);

    even with the ground вро́вень с землёй

    4) равноме́рный, разме́ренный; моното́нный;

    even movement равноме́рное движе́ние

    5) уравнове́шенный;

    even temper ро́вный, споко́йный хара́ктер

    6) справедли́вый, беспристра́стный
    7) чётный
    8) це́лый ( о числе)

    to get ( или to be) even with smb. свести́ счёты, расквита́ться с кем-л.

    2. adv
    1) да́же;

    even if, even though да́же е́сли; хотя́ бы

    ;

    even as как раз

    ;

    even so несмотря́ на, одна́ко, хотя́, всё же

    2) как раз; то́чно
    3) уст. ро́вно
    3. v
    1) выра́внивать ( поверхность); сгла́живать
    2) равня́ть, ста́вить на одну́ до́ску

    to even up on smb. расквита́ться с кем-л.

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > even

  • 5 even

    ̈ɪˈi:vən I сущ.;
    поэт.;
    архаич. вечер II
    1. прил.
    1) а) плоский, ровный (о местности) even ground ≈ плоская земля Syn: flat I
    2., plain I
    1. б) гладкий, ровный ( о поверхности) Syn: smooth
    1. в) расположенный на одном уровне
    2) а) ровный, однородный, равномерный( о действиях, процессах, состояниях и т. п.) The sky was of an even lead colour. ≈ Небо было однообразного свинцового цвета. The horses went at a steady even trot. ≈ Лошади шли спокойной, ровной рысью. the even rhythm of the breathing ≈ равномерное дыхание Syn: uniform
    2. б) уравновешенный, спокойный( о характере) His disposition was even. ≈ Он отличался ровным характером. Syn: equable, unruffled
    3) находящийся в состоянии равновесия, уравновешенный an even chance of winningравный шанс выиграть (или проиграть)
    4) равный, одинаковый, тот же самый a letter of even dateписьмо от того же числа
    5) рассчитавшийся, расквитавшийся I feel that I can never get quite even with him again. ≈ Я чувствую, что никогда не смогу с ним расквитаться.
    6) справедливый, честный an even exchange ≈ справедливый обмен Syn: equal
    1., fair II
    1., just I
    1., impartial
    7) четный Ant: odd
    1.
    8) точный, целый, круглый( о числах, суммах) Syn: exact, precise
    2. нареч.
    1) (эмоц.-усил.) а) даже He looked content, even happy. ≈ Он выглядел довольным, даже счастливым. so simple even a child can do it ≈ такой простой, что даже ребенок сможет это сделать Didn't even try. ≈ Даже не пытайся. I can't come to a decision about it now or even give any indication of my own views. ≈ Я пока не могу прийти ни к какому решению и даже не могу сказать, что я думаю об этом. б) даже еще (при сравнении) He did even better. ≈ Он сделал это даже еще лучше. During his second day Edward looked even more pale and quiet than on his first. ≈ На второй день Эдвард был еще более бледным и молчаливым, чем в первый день.
    2) точно, ровно, как раз Syn: exactly, preciselyeven as even if even so even though
    3. гл.
    1) а) ровнять, выравнивать, сглаживать (тж. even off, even out) The ground evens out on the other side of the mountain ≈ На другой стороне горы начинается равнина. Prices should even off when the crops are gathered. ≈ Цены скоро выровняются, когда соберут урожай. We must even out the differences between social classes. ≈ Нужно сгладить разницу между социальными группами. б) выравниваться Things were beginning to even out a little. ≈ Ситуация начала потихоньку выправляться.
    2) уравнивать, уравновешивать (тж. even up) If you two sit at the other table, that should even up the groups. ≈ Если вы двое сядете на другой стороне стола, это уравновесит группы. He now had a wonderful chance to even old scores. ≈ У него оказался прекрасный шанс свести старые счеты. to even up on smb. ≈ рассчитаться с кем-л. Syn: balance
    2. (устаревшее) вечер;
    склон дня четное число - * or odd? чет или нечет? целое число ровный, гладкий - to make * подравнивать, выравнивать (поверхность) ;
    сглаживать - * ground (военное) слабопересеченная местность ровный, равномерный - * breathing ровное дыхание - * development равномерное развитие - * running спокойный ход (машины) - * temperature ровная температура - * trot мерная рысь - * voice монотонный голос - * load (специальное) равномерная нагрузка равный, одинаковый;
    такой же, тот же - * stress (фонетика) два ударения равной силы (в слове) - * bet пари с равными шансами - * break (американизм) равные шансы - a letter of * date (юридическое) (коммерческое) письмо от того же числа - to divide into * shares делить поровну - to break * остаться при своих( в игре) ;
    (коммерческое) окончиться безубыточно;
    покрыть свои расходы - they meet on * ground их силы равны, никто из них не имеет перевеса на одном уровне, вровень - * with the pavement вровень с тротуаром - snow * with the eaves снег до самых стрех - to make * with the ground сровнять с землей параллельный уравновешенный - * temper спокойный характер - * scale равновесие - the two scales hang * чаши весов находятся в равновесии расквитавшийся, рассчитавшийся - to be * свести счеты, расквитаться - we will not be * until you repay my visit вы будете моим должником до тех пор, пока не отдадите мне визит справедливый, честный - * bargain честная сделка - an * exchange равноценный обмен четный - * number четное число - * number (полиграфия) четная колонцифра - the * pages of a book четные страницы книги - evenly * кратный четырем( о числе) - oddly * кратный двум, но не кратный четырем ( о числе) целый (о числе) точный - * mile ровно миля - * dozen точно дюжина( полиграфия) весь - * caps слово, набранное прописными буквами - * smalls слово, набранное строчными буквами > at * (финансовое) без процентов > * reckoning makes lasting friends (пословица) честный расчет укрепляет дружбу;
    счет дружбе не помеха даже - * if даже если, хотя бы и - * if I knew даже если бы я знал - * if they asked for it хотя бы они и просили это - * though хотя бы, даром что - he went * though we wanted him он уехал, хотя он нам и был нужен - they agreed * though I warned them они согласились, даром что я их предупреждал - * now даже теперь - * so даже при этих условиях, даже в таком случае - * so the difficulties would be unsurmountable даже в этом случае трудности будут непреодолимыми еще (при сравнении) - * worse даже хуже - * more interesting еще интереснее (усилительно) как раз - * as he spoke, it began to rain как раз когда он говорил, пошел дождь точно, именно - this is * so это именно так;
    это совершенно верно - * thus как раз таким образом - * unto death the edge of doom до (самой) гробовой доски( полиграфия) в подбор - to begin * начинать в подбор;
    набирать без абзаца - to end * разогнать строку до поля выравнивать, сглаживать, делать ровным, гладким - to * with the soil сровнять с землей выравниваться - after Bristol the road will * out после Бристоля дорога будет ровнее - the racing odds *ed before the race шансы на выигрыш уравнялись еще до начала скачек преим. (американизм) (шотландское) равнять, приравнивать, ставить на одну доску;
    делать или считать равными - to * Homer and Dante приравнивать Гомера к Данте, считать Гомера и Данте равными (экономика) уравнять;
    нивелировать - to * an account( бухгалтерское) уравнять счет - to * incomes нивелировать доходы( американизм) отплатить, отомстить - to * on smb. расквитаться с кем-либо ~ даже;
    even if, even though даже если;
    хотя бы;
    even as как раз ~ равный, на одном уровне (with) ;
    одинаковый;
    тот же самый;
    сходный;
    even with the ground вровень с землей;
    even date бухг. то же число ~ даже;
    even if, even though даже если;
    хотя бы;
    even as как раз ~ однообразный, монотонный;
    равномерный;
    even movement равномерное движение ~ уравновешенный;
    even temper ровный, спокойный характер ~ даже;
    even if, even though даже если;
    хотя бы;
    even as как раз ~ уравновешивать (тж. even up) ;
    to even up (on smb.) расквитаться, рассчитаться (с кем-л.) ~ равный, на одном уровне (with) ;
    одинаковый;
    тот же самый;
    сходный;
    even with the ground вровень с землей;
    even date бухг. то же число ~ четный;
    evenly even кратный четырем (о числе) ;
    oddly (или unevenly) even кратный двум, но не кратный четырем (о числе) to get (или to be) ~ (with smb.) свести счеты, расквитаться (с кем-л.) ~ четный;
    evenly even кратный четырем (о числе) ;
    oddly (или unevenly) even кратный двум, но не кратный четырем (о числе)

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > even

  • 6 even

    [̈ɪˈi:vən]
    even даже; even if, even though даже если; хотя бы; even as как раз even равный, на одном уровне (with); одинаковый; тот же самый; сходный; even with the ground вровень с землей; even date бухг. то же число even даже; even if, even though даже если; хотя бы; even as как раз even однообразный, монотонный; равномерный; even movement равномерное движение even уравновешенный; even temper ровный, спокойный характер even даже; even if, even though даже если; хотя бы; even as как раз even уравновешивать (тж. even up); to even up (on smb.) расквитаться, рассчитаться (с кем-л.) even равный, на одном уровне (with); одинаковый; тот же самый; сходный; even with the ground вровень с землей; even date бухг. то же число even четный; evenly even кратный четырем (о числе); oddly (или unevenly) even кратный двум, но не кратный четырем (о числе) to get (или to be) even (with smb.) свести счеты, расквитаться (с кем-л.) even четный; evenly even кратный четырем (о числе); oddly (или unevenly) even кратный двум, но не кратный четырем (о числе)

    English-Russian short dictionary > even

  • 7 even

    I
    noun poet.
    вечер
    II
    1. adjective
    1) ровный, гладкий
    2) равный, на одном уровне (with); одинаковый; тот же самый; сходный; even with the ground вровень с землей; even date account. то же число
    3) однообразный, монотонный; равномерный; even movement равномерное движение
    4) уравновешенный; even temper ровный, спокойный характер
    5) справедливый, беспристрастный
    6) четный; evenly even кратный четырем (о числе); oddly (или unevenly) even кратный двум, но не кратный четырем (о числе)
    to get (или to be) even with smb. свести счеты, расквитаться с кем-л.
    2. adverb
    1) ровно
    2) как раз; точно
    3) даже; even if, even though даже если; хотя бы; even as как раз
    3. verb
    1) выравнивать (поверхность); сглаживать
    2) равнять, ставить на одну доску
    3) уравновешивать (тж. even up)
    to even up on smb. расквитаться, рассчитаться с кем-л.
    * * *
    1 (a) ровный
    2 (c) даже и
    3 (d) даже; еще
    * * *
    1) ровный; 2) даже
    * * *
    [e·ven || 'iːvn] v. выравнивать adj. ровный, гладкий; равномерный, равный, одинаковый, сходный, тот же самый; на одном уровне, уравновешенный; размеренный, однообразный, монотонный; справедливый, беспристрастный; четный adv. точно, даже, как раз; ровно; гладкий (о поверхности)
    * * *
    беспристрастный
    выравнивать
    гладкий
    даже
    монотонный
    одинаковый
    однообразный
    параллельный
    парный
    плоский
    равномерен
    равномерный
    равный
    равнять
    ровен
    ровно
    ровный
    сглаживать
    справедливый
    сходный
    точно
    уравновешенный
    целый
    четный
    * * *
    эвенский, ламутский язык

    Новый англо-русский словарь > even

  • 8 even

    زَوجيّ \ even. \ عَلَى سَوِيَّة واحدة \ even: equal: The table legs were not of even length. He shared the money evenly among them. \ عَلَى نَفْس الوَتيرة \ even: (of movement) regular; steady: Her heart was not beating evenly. \ مُتَسَاوٍ \ even: equal: The table legs were not of even length. He shared the money evenly among them. Their chances in the race were even. \ مُسْتَقِيم السَّطْح \ even: (of surfaces, edges, etc.) level; smooth: The table was unsteady because the floor was not even.

    Arabic-English glossary > even

  • 9 even

    مُنْتَظِم \ even: (of movement) regular; steady: Her heart was not beating evenly. regular: steady; not changing; usual; repeated at fixed times; even: regular meals; regular breathing; regular trains. steady: regular; not changing (in speed, effort, amount, etc.): a steady increase; a steady worker. streamlined: arranged so as to allow a smooth flow: a streamlined production in a factory.

    Arabic-English glossary > even

  • 10 healing cult (Religious group or movement that places major, or even exclusive, emphasis on the treatment or prevention by nonmedical means of physical or spiritual ailments, which are often seen as manifestations of evil)

    Религия: хилерский культ

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > healing cult (Religious group or movement that places major, or even exclusive, emphasis on the treatment or prevention by nonmedical means of physical or spiritual ailments, which are often seen as manifestations of evil)

  • 11 e'en

    поэт.;
    см. even I и even II
    2. даже - * if даже если, хотя бы и - * if I knew даже если бы я знал - * if they asked for it хотя бы они и просили это - * though хотя бы, даром что - he went * though we wanted him он уехал, хотя он нам и был нужен - they agreed * though I warned them они согласились, даром что я их предупреждал еще (при сравнении) - * worse даже хуже - * more interesting еще интереснее (усилительно) как раз - * as he spoke, it began to rain как раз когда он говорил, пошел дождь точно, именно - this is * so это именно так;
    это совершенно верно - * thus как раз таким образом - * unto death the edge of doom до (самой) гробовой доски e'en поэт. см. even e'en поэт. см. even even: even поэт. вечер ~ выравнивать (поверхность) ;
    сглаживать ~ выравнивать ~ даже;
    even if, even though даже если;
    хотя бы;
    even as как раз ~ как раз;
    точно ~ нивелировать доходы ~ однообразный, монотонный;
    равномерный;
    even movement равномерное движение ~ равномерный ~ равный, на одном уровне( with) ;
    одинаковый;
    тот же самый;
    сходный;
    even with the ground вровень с землей;
    even date бухг. то же число ~ равнять, ставить на одну доску ~ ровно ~ ровный, гладкий ~ ровный ~ сглаживать различия ~ справедливый, беспристрастный ~ справедливый ~ уравновешенный;
    even temper ровный, спокойный характер ~ уравновешивать (тж. even up) ;
    to even up (on smb.) расквитаться, рассчитаться( с кем-л.) ~ честный ~ четный ~ четный;
    evenly even кратный четырем( о числе) ;
    oddly( или unevenly) even кратный двум, но не кратный четырем ( о числе)

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > e'en

  • 12 e'en

    e'en поэт. см. even e'en поэт. см. even even: even поэт. вечер e'en выравнивать (поверхность); сглаживать e'en выравнивать e'en даже; even if, even though даже если; хотя бы; even as как раз e'en как раз; точно e'en нивелировать доходы e'en однообразный, монотонный; равномерный; even movement равномерное движение e'en равномерный e'en равный, на одном уровне (with); одинаковый; тот же самый; сходный; even with the ground вровень с землей; even date бухг. то же число e'en равнять, ставить на одну доску e'en ровно e'en ровный, гладкий e'en ровный e'en сглаживать различия e'en справедливый, беспристрастный e'en справедливый e'en уравновешенный; even temper ровный, спокойный характер e'en уравновешивать (тж. even up); to even up (on smb.) расквитаться, рассчитаться (с кем-л.) e'en честный e'en четный e'en четный; evenly even кратный четырем (о числе); oddly (или unevenly) even кратный двум, но не кратный четырем (о числе)

    English-Russian short dictionary > e'en

  • 13 ῥυθμός

    Grammatical information: m.
    Meaning: = ἡ τῆς κινήσεως τάξις (Pl. Lg. 665a), `regular movement, beat, rhythm, measure, consistence, proportion, form' (IA., Archil., Thgn., A.).
    Other forms: Ion. ῥυσμός.
    Compounds: Often as 2. member, e.g. εὔ-ρυθμος `with a beautifully regular movement, rhythmically, well-proportioned' with - ία f. (Att.).
    Derivatives: ῥυθμ-ικός `rhythmic' (Pl.; Chantraine Études 135), - ιος `id.' (Hdn. Gr.); - ίζω, also w. prefix, esp. μετα-, `to make regular, to organise, to set up, to instruct, to form' (IA.), - έω `to organise, to determine' (Athen Va), - όομαι `to develop' (Democr. 197 [- σμ-]; - όω uncertain ibd. 33).
    Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1003] *sreu̯- `stream'
    Etymology: Already the shortness of the ῠ (e.g. A. Ch. 797) makes the connection with ἔρυμαι, ῥύομαι `avert, protect' with ῥῡτήρ `protector, guardian' (Leemans Ant. class. 17, 403ff., Renehan ClassPhil. 58, 36f. after Jaeger Paideia 1, 174f. [prop. "keep in bonds"]) or with ἐρύω `draw' with ῥῡτήρ `rein' (Krogmann KZ 71, 110f. after Hirt), which is also semant. not very evident, quite improbable. For the old explanation from ῥέω `flow, stream', against which rightly Benveniste Journ. de psych. norm. et pathol. 44 (1951) 401 ff., Wolf WienStud. 68, 99 ff. (with survey of other interpretations), Porzig Satzinhalte 237. So orig. meaning "streaming, stream" as symbol of a quiet and even movement (cf. Curtius 353). On the meaning of ῥυθμός still E. Wolf Bed. von ῥυθμός bei Platon (Diss. Innsbruck 1947), Leemans l.c., Waltz Rev. et. lat. 26, 109 ff. ( ῥυθμός and numerus). S. also C. Sandoz, Les noms grecs de la forme (Neuchâtel 1971) 58-77.
    Page in Frisk: 2,664-665

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥυθμός

  • 14 clean

    kli:n
    1. adjective
    1) (free from dirt, smoke etc: a clean window; a clean dress.) limpio
    2) (neat and tidy in one's habits: Cats are very clean animals.) limpio
    3) (unused: a clean sheet of paper.) nuevo, en blanco
    4) (free from evil or indecency: a clean life; keep your language clean!) puro
    5) (neat and even: a clean cut.) neto, bien definido; preciso

    2. adverb
    (completely: He got clean away.) por completo

    3. verb
    (to (cause to) become free from dirt etc: Will you clean the windows?) limpiar

    (clean in personal habits.) limpio

    - clean up
    - a clean bill of health
    - a clean slate
    - come clean
    - make a clean sweep

    clean1 adj limpio
    your shirt is dirty, put a clean one on tu camisa está sucia, ponte una limpia
    clean2 vb limpiar
    the floor is dirty, clean it! el suelo está sucio, ¡límpialo!
    tr[kliːn]
    1 (not dirty - gen) limpio,-a; (air) limpio,-a, puro,-a; (sheet of paper) nuevo,-a, en blanco
    2 (not rude - gen) decente; (joke) inocente; (life) sano,-a; (match, fight) limpio,-a
    3 (well-formed) bien definido,-a, nítido,-a; (regular, even) limpio,-a
    1 (fight, play) limpio, limpiamente
    2 familiar (completely) por completo
    1 limpieza
    1 (gen) limpiar; (teeth, car) lavar
    have you cleaned your teeth? ¿te has lavado los dientes?
    will you clean these marks off the wall? ¿quieres quitar estas marcas de la pared?
    1 limpiarse
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    as clean as a new pin limpio,-a como una patena
    to have a clean (driving) licence no hacer cometido infracciones (de tráfico)
    to have a clean record SMALLLAW/SMALL no tener antecedentes penales
    to have a clean slate tener un historial sin mancha
    to have something cleaned (dry-cleaned) llevar algo a la tintorería, hacer limpiar algo en seco
    to give somebody a clean bill of health declarar a alguien en perfecto estado de salud
    to make a clean break cortar por lo sano
    to make a clean break with something cortar con algo, romper con algo
    to start with a clean sheet hacer borrón y cuenta nueva
    clean ['kli:n] vt
    : limpiar, lavar, asear
    clean adv
    : limpio, limpiamente
    to play clean: jugar limpio
    clean adj
    1) : limpio
    2) unadulterated: puro
    3) irreproachable: intachable, sin mancha
    to have a clean record: no tener antecedentes penales
    4) decent: decente
    5) complete: completo, absoluto
    a clean break with the past: un corte radical con el pasado
    adj.
    aseado, -a adj.
    distinto, -a adj.
    limpio, -a adj.
    lirondo, -a adj.
    mondo, -a adj.
    neto, -a adj.
    perfecto, -a adj.
    v.
    afretar v.
    escombrar v.
    esmerar v.
    limpiar v.
    mondar v.

    I kliːn
    adjective -er, -est
    1)
    a) ( not soiled) limpio

    are your hands clean? — ¿tienes las manos limpias?

    b) ( not used) <clothes/towel> limpio
    c) (pure, non-polluting) <air/water> limpio, puro; < smell> a limpio; < taste> refrescante
    2)
    a) ( morally) < joke> inocente
    b) ( fair) <game/player> limpio
    3) ( unblemished) < driver's license> donde no constan infracciones

    to come clean about something — (colloq) confesar* algo

    4) ( well defined) <stroke/features> bien definido, nítido

    II
    adverb (colloq)
    b) ( fairly) <fight/play> limpio, limpiamente

    III
    1.
    a) ( remove dirt from) limpiar; \<\<blackboard\>\> borrar, limpiar

    to clean something OFF something: he cleaned the splashes off the windows — limpió las salpicaduras que había en las ventanas

    b) ( dry-clean) limpiar en seco, llevar a la tintorería
    c) \<\<fish/chicken\>\> limpiar

    2.
    vi ( remove dirt) \<\<substance/device\>\> limpiar
    Phrasal Verbs:

    IV
    noun (colloq) (no pl) limpieza f
    [kliːn]
    1. ADJ
    (compar cleaner) (superl cleanest)
    1) (=not dirty) [clothes, sheets, floor, face] limpio; [air, water] limpio, puro

    to come clean — (lit) quedar limpio; (fig) * confesarlo todo

    to have clean hands — (lit, fig) tener las manos limpias

    to wipe sth clean — limpiar algo

    - make a clean breast of it
    - make a clean sweep

    to make a clean sweep of sth(of prizes, awards) arrasar con algo

    to make a clean sweep of the votes — acaparar todos los votos, barrer

    2) (=fresh) [smell] a limpio; [taste] refrescante
    3) (=new, unused) [sheet of paper, page] en blanco, en limpio
    4) (=not indecent) [joke] inocente; [film, life] decente

    keep it clean! — ¡no seas indecente!

    clean livingvida f sana

    5) (=smooth, even) [movement] fluido; [shot] certero; [cut] limpio; [sound] nítido, claro; [features, outline] nítido, bien definido

    a clean break — (Med) una fractura limpia

    6) (=fair) [fight, game, match] limpio; [player] que juega limpio
    7) (=untarnished) [image, reputation] bueno, impecable

    to have a clean record (gen) tener un historial limpio; (no criminal record) no tener antecedentes penales

    8) (=environmentally friendly) [machine, substance, energy] no contaminante
    9) (Nuclear physics) (=uncontaminated) [area, person, object] no contaminado
    10) (=ritually pure) [animal] puro
    11) (=trouble-free) [operation, job, getaway] sin problemas
    12) ** (=innocent)

    they can't touch me, I'm clean — no me pueden hacer nada, tengo las manos limpias *

    13) ** (=not in possession of drugs, weapon, stolen property)
    2. ADV
    1) * (=completely)
    2) (=fairly)

    to fight/play clean — luchar/jugar limpio

    3.
    N limpieza f, aseo m (LAm); (=wash) lavado m
    4.
    VT [+ room, carpet, windows, shoes] limpiar; [+ vegetables, clothes] lavar; [+ car] lavar, limpiar; [+ blackboard] borrar; [+ wound, cut] desinfectar
    5. VI
    2) (=be cleaned)
    * * *

    I [kliːn]
    adjective -er, -est
    1)
    a) ( not soiled) limpio

    are your hands clean? — ¿tienes las manos limpias?

    b) ( not used) <clothes/towel> limpio
    c) (pure, non-polluting) <air/water> limpio, puro; < smell> a limpio; < taste> refrescante
    2)
    a) ( morally) < joke> inocente
    b) ( fair) <game/player> limpio
    3) ( unblemished) < driver's license> donde no constan infracciones

    to come clean about something — (colloq) confesar* algo

    4) ( well defined) <stroke/features> bien definido, nítido

    II
    adverb (colloq)
    b) ( fairly) <fight/play> limpio, limpiamente

    III
    1.
    a) ( remove dirt from) limpiar; \<\<blackboard\>\> borrar, limpiar

    to clean something OFF something: he cleaned the splashes off the windows — limpió las salpicaduras que había en las ventanas

    b) ( dry-clean) limpiar en seco, llevar a la tintorería
    c) \<\<fish/chicken\>\> limpiar

    2.
    vi ( remove dirt) \<\<substance/device\>\> limpiar
    Phrasal Verbs:

    IV
    noun (colloq) (no pl) limpieza f

    English-spanish dictionary > clean

  • 15 равномерное движение

    1) General subject: even movement
    3) Metallurgy: (прямолинейное) steady motion
    5) Astronautics: uniform translation
    6) Ecology: uniform flow
    7) Makarov: constant motion, uniform flow (воды), uniform velocity motion

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > равномерное движение

  • 16 равномерное движение

    Русско-английский синонимический словарь > равномерное движение

  • 17 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 18 على

    عَلَى \ against: touching (usually sth. upright): The rain beat against the window. He pressed his nose against the glass. on: showing where sb. or sth. is placed: He lay on his back on the bed. The picture hung on a nail on the wall. Your name is on the list. He hit me on the nose. The boat is on the river (in the water). The house is on the river (beside the water), as in the previous meaning, but with movement (often with to) He jumped on (to) his horse. The book fell on (to) the floor. onto: on to: He sprang onto the table. over: lying across; resting on; covering: A cloud was over the sun. She spread a cloth over the table, across the surface of Ships sail over the sea, above (in rank, etc.) He rules over a proud people, about; concerning They quarrelled over the resutl of the race. You need not hurry over your dinner. upon: on. \ عَلَى \ on shore, ashore: on dry land; not on the sea; on or to the shore: Sailors are unhappy ashore. We swam ashore from the boat. \ See Also نَحْوَ البَرّ، اليابسة (اليَابِسَة)‏ \ عَلَى \ ashore: on or to the shore: Sailors are unhappy ashore. We swam ashore from the boat. on shore, ashore: on dry land; not on the sea. \ See Also نَحْوَ الشّاطِئ \ عَلَى اتِّصَال (عكس مُنْقَطع عن)‏ \ in touch: (the opposite is out of touch) giving or receiving news: I’ve been in touch with my brother by telephone. The radio keeps us in touch with world events. \ عَلَى أتَمّ ما يكُون من التَّرتيب والهِنْدام \ spick and span: (as a predic. phrase) neat, clean and bright: Sailors usually keep their boats spick and span. \ عَلَى الأَثير \ on the air: being sent out on the radio or television. \ عَلَى أَحْسَن وَجْه \ best, well, better: in the best way: Peter played best last week. \ عَلَى أرْبَع \ on all fours: on hands and knees: She went down on all fours to look for the needle. \ عَلَى الأرض \ over: from an upright (or straight) position to a flat (or bent) position: I fell over. He knocked me over. She bent over to pick it up. \ عَلَى استعداد \ content: willing: I’m content to wait for my turn. \ عَلَى أشُدِّه \ in full swing: (of an activity) at its highest point; very busy: The party was in full swing when I arrived. \ عَلَى الإطلاق \ little: (coming just before the verb) not at all: I little knew (or Little did I know) that next day he would be dead. not in the least: not at all: It doesn’t matter in the least. whatever: at all: I have no money whatever. whatsoever: a strong form of whatever; at all: Tell him nothing whatsoever!. \ عَلَى الأَغْلَب \ for the most part: mostly: He is old and for the most part he stays at home. \ عَلَى أَقْصَى ما تستطيع رؤيتَه \ in the distance: far away (from the point where one is): In the distance he could see the mountains. \ عَلَى الأَقَلّ \ a good: (with numbers) at least: He lives a good 3 miles away. at least: (showing that sth. is true, necessary, etc., even if sth. else is not) in spite of what has just been said or is just going to be said: He may be lazy but at least he’s honest. You can at least be polite even if you don’t like him, not less than It cost at least $100. quite: at least; not less than: The journey took quite three hours. \ عَلَى الأَكثَر \ largely: mostly: The accident was largely his own fault. mainly: chiefly; mostly. \ عَلَى انفِراد \ private: (only in the phrase in private) privately; where nobody can hear except those concerned: May I speak to you in private. \ عَلَى أُهْبَة الاستعداد \ stand by: to be ready, in case one may be needed: The soldiers were told to stand by. \ عَلَى أَيّ حال \ anyhow: in any case: I don’t really need this; anyhow, it costs too much. anyway: in any case: I may be late; anyway, don’t wait for me, in any case I don’t really need this; anyhow, it costs too much. at all events, in any event: in any case; whatever may happen or has happened: He didn’t win but, at all events, he did try hard. at any rate: at least; in any case: He wasn’t there; at any rate, I don’t think he was. I may not succeed; but I’ll try, at any rate. in any case: no matter what else may be considered, anyhow: It costs too much. In any case, I don’t really need it. \ عَلَى أيَّة حال \ all the same, at the same time: (only at the start of a sentence; comparing points that are for and against) in spite of this: He’s not clever; all the same, he does try hard. however: all the same; in spite of what has just been said: I’m very tired; however, I’ll come and help you. \ عَلَى بُعد \ away: at a distance: Brighton is 60 miles away. Keep away from the wet paint. beyond: further; on or to the farther side: I looked across the river to the hills beyond. \ عَلَى التَّخْصِيص \ in particular: especially: I enjoyed his first song in particular. \ عَلَى التَّوَالي \ respectively: separately, in that order: Boys and girls will be examined on Monday and Tuesday respectively (the boys on Monday, the girls on Tuesday). \ عَلَى جَانِب \ up: along (up and down are both used like this, although the course may be quite level): He lives just up the road. \ عَلَى الجميع \ round: to everyone: He handed the coffee round. There were not enough cups to go round. \ عَلَى حَدٍّ \ as far as, so far as: (showing a limit): As far as I know, he’s not here. \ عَلَى حَدٍّ سَواء \ alike: in the same way: He treats us all alike. \ عَلَى حَدِّ عِلْمي \ to the best knowledge: as far as I know: To the best of my knowledge, he is honest (I have no reason to doubt his honesty). \ عَلَى حِدَة \ private: (only in the phrase in private) privately; where nobody can hear except those concerned: May I speak to you in private?. separate: not joined or shared; apart: Keep the new milk separate from the old. \ عَلَى حَقّ (مُحِقّ)‏ \ be in the right: not be at fault: Although they said she’d made a mistake, they discovered she was in the right. \ عَلَى حِين غِرَّة \ all of a sudden: in a sudden manner. suddenly: in a sudden manner: The door opened suddenly. \ عَلَى خَطَأ \ in the wrong: mistaken (in one’s judgement, behaviour etc.). \ عَلَى الدَّوام \ always: at all times. \ عَلَى رؤوس الأصابِع \ on tiptoe: on the tips of one’s toes: I can reach that if I stand on tiptoe. \ عَلَى الرّاجح \ likely: (usu. with very, most, more or quite) probably: She’s very likely right. \ عَلَى الرُّغْم مِن \ despite: in spite of: Despite his age, the old man walks several miles every day. for all: in spite of: For all his strength, he could not lift it. much as: although: Much as I admire him, I could not work with him. spite, in spite of: (of sth. that fails) even with: In spite of his efforts, he could not save her life, without regard to; not caring about (a difficulty) In spite of his illness, he attended the ceremony. \ عَلَى الرُّغْم مِنْ أَنَّ \ although: in spite of the fact that; (without a verb) in spite of being: Although (he was) ill, he went to work. \ عَلَى الرُّغْم من ذلك \ even so: in spite of that: He may be foolish; even so, you should help him. just the same: (showing one thing that is not the natural result of another) in spite of this: He’s a thief, but I like him just the same. nevertheless: in spite of that: I told him it would be dangerous, but nevertheless he did it. still: in spite of that: We rarely win; but still, we enjoy playing. \ عَلَى سَبيل المِثال \ for instance: as an example: He’s often late. Yesterday, for instance, he came home after midnight. \ عَلَى السَّطح كلِّه \ over: (esp. with all) across a surface: The table was wet all over. He rubbed it over with a dry cloth. \ عَلَى سَوِيَّة \ level: equal in height or position: His eyes were level with my shoulder. I soon drew level with the leading runner. \ عَلَى سَوِيَّة \ flush: exactly on a level with; not sticking out from; meeting exactly at the edges: The door is flush with the wall when it is closed. \ See Also مستوى (مُسْتَوًى)‏ \ عَلَى سَوِيَّة واحدة \ even: equal: The table legs were not of even length. He shared the money evenly among them. \ عَلَى شاكِلَة \ like: the same as: What is he like (in appearance and character)? He’s just like his father., What does it feel (or look or taste or smell or sound) like?. in the same way as:: He swims like a fish. \ عَلَى شَرْط \ provide (that), also providing (that): if; on condition that: I’ll go, provided (that) you’ll go too. \ عَلَى شَفَا \ on the brink of: close to (sth. dangerous or exciting): on the brink of war. on the point of doing sth.: starting to do sth.: I was on the point of telephoning you, when I got your letter. on one’s last legs: (of a person or thing) not expected to last much longer; worn out; almost in ruins: That company is on its last legs. on the verge of: close to: She was on the verge of tears. \ See Also شفير (الموت أو الإفلاس، إلخ)، عَلى وَشْك \ عَلَى صَهْوَةِ الجَوَاد \ on horseback: on a horse: He travelled on horseback. \ عَلَى ضِغْن \ grudgingly: unwillingly. \ See Also على غير رَغْبَة \ عَلَى طُولِ \ along: following the line of: He ran along the road. down: along (without regard to level): We raced down the street. My friend lives just down the road. \ عَلَى ظَهْر \ on deck: on an uncovered deck, in the open air. \ See Also سَطْح السفينة \ عَلَى ظَهْر الحِصان \ on horseback: on a horse: He travelled on horseback. \ عَلَى ظَهْر السَّفينة \ on board: on (or on to) a ship or aeroplane: There are 70 men on board. Can I go on board the aircraft?. \ عَلَى ظَهْر الصَّفْحَة \ overleaf: on the back of the page: Please fill in this paper, and sign your name overleaf. \ عَلَى عَرْض \ across: over; from one side to the other of: He ran across the street. There is a bridge across the stream. \ عَلَى العَكْس \ on the contrary: (expressing disagreement) the opposite is true: It’s not worn out - on the contrary, it’s quite new. \ عَلَى عِلْم بِـ \ familiar with: knowing; accustomed to: I’m not familiar with English law. \ عَلَى عُلُوّ \ high: (in compounds) to the height of: The grass was waist-high. \ عَلَى الغالِب \ probably: almost certainly; with little doubt: You’re probably right. \ عَلَى غَيْر انتظار \ surprisingly: unexpectedly: a surprisingly good result. \ عَلَى غَيْر رَغْبَة \ grudgingly: unwillingly. \ عَلَى غَيْر هُدًى \ adrift: (of boats) loose; floating about with no control: Our ship was wrecked and we were left adrift in a small boat on the ocean. \ عَلَى فَتَرات مُنْتَظِمة \ periodically: from time to time. \ عَلَى فَرض أنّ \ (conj.) supposing: if: Supposing he’s late, shall we wait for him? Even supposing the lorry comes, it will still be too late. \ عَلَى الفِطْرة \ na]ve: too simple to be sensible; lacking wisdom and experience: a na]ve question; a na]ve young girl. \ عَلَى فِكْرَة \ by the way: used to show that the speaker is about to change the subject: Thank you for your help. By the way, would you like to come to our party next week?. \ عَلَى الفَوْر \ directly: at once: He arrived directly after me. instantly: at once. off-hand: without thought or preparation: I can’t say off-hand what it cost, but it was over $1000. \ عَلَى قافية واحدة \ rhyme: (of word endings) to have the same sound: ‘Consideration’ rhymes with ‘nation’, ‘Port’ rhymes with ‘thought’. ‘Pleasure’ rhymes with ‘measure’ but not with ‘pressure’. \ عَلَى قَدْر \ according to: in the proper way for; depending on: Each man was paid according to his skill. \ عَلَى قَدَم وَسَاق \ in full swing: (of an activity) at its highest point; very busy: The party was in full swing when I arrived. \ عَلَى قَيْد الحَيَاة \ alive: living: He was buried alive when part of a cliff fell on him. \ عَلَى كُلّ حال \ at any rate: at least; in any case: He wasn’t there; at any rate, I don’t think he was. I may not succeed; but I’ll try, at any rate. \ عَلَى مَا يَبْدُو \ apparently: it seems (from what people say): I thought she was 15, but apparently is older. \ عَلَى ما يَصِل إليه عِلْمي \ to the best of my knowledge: as far as I know: To the best of my knowledge, my son has never met her. \ See Also على مَبْلَغ علمي \ عَلَى المَدَى الطَّويل \ in the long run: after a period of time; in the end: It’ll be cheaper in the long run to buy good quality shoes. \ عَلَى مسؤوليَّته الشخصيّة \ at one’s own risk: agreeing that any troube will be one’s own fault: The bridge is unsafe but you can cross it at your own risk. \ عَلَى مسافة قريبة مِن \ off: a short distance from: an island off the English coast. \ عَلَى مُسْتَوًى \ level: equal in height or position: His eyes were level with my shoulder. \ عَلَى مِصْرَاعَيْه (فَتَحَ الباب)‏ \ wide: (with open) fully: open the door wide. Leave it wide open. \ عَلَى نَحْو مماثِل \ similarly: in the same way: They were similarly dressed. \ عَلَى نَسَق \ on the lines of: in the general form of: We’re planning some sports on the lines of the Olympic Games, but for schoolboys only. \ عَلَى نَفْس الوَتيرة \ even: (of movement) regular; steady: Her heart was not beating evenly. \ عَلَى نَوبات \ fits and starts: in short bursts; starting and stopping: The engine only goes in fits and starts. \ See Also فترات \ عَلَى هذا المُعَدَّل \ at that rate: if those conditions continue: He keeps stopping for a rest; at that rate, he won’t finish the job today. \ عَلَى هذا النَّحْو \ so: in this way; in that way: Don’t shout so!. thus: in this way. \ عَلَى الهَوَاء \ on the air: being sent out on the radio or television. \ عَلَى وَتِيرَة واحدة \ monotonous: (of a voice, a job, a way of life, etc.) dull, never changing and therefore uninteresting. \ عَلَى وَجْهٍ \ unusually: (with an adj.) very; strangely: It is unusually cold in here today. \ See Also بشكل غير عاديّ \ عَلَى وَجْهِ التَّقْريب \ roughly: (with numbers and amounts) not exactly; about: roughly 50 trees; roughly a mile away. \ عَلَى وَجْهِ الخُصُوص \ particularly: especially: a particularly nasty smell. \ عَلَى الوَجهِ الصحيح \ duly: properly; as expected: The bill was duly paid. The train duly arrived. \ عَلَى وَجْهِ العُمُوم \ in general: in most cases: Men in general are taller than women. \ عَلَى وَجْهٍ ما \ somehow: in some way or other, by some means or other: I’ll pay for it somehow, even if I have to ask someone to lend me the money. \ عَلَى وَجْهٍ مُسْتَهْجَن \ oddly: strangely: She behaved very oddly last night. \ عَلَى مِقْدار عِلْمي \ for all I know: as far as I know: For all I know, you may have stolen this. \ عَلَى مَقْرُبةٍ \ near: close to, in position: His house is near my own. \ عَلَى مَقرُبة مِن \ about: around; near There’s a lot of illness about. I went out early, when no one was about (when no one else was out). \ عَلَى مَهْل \ leisurely: without haste: He likes a leisurely walk in the evening. \ عَلَى نَحْو أسوأ \ worse: more bad; more badly: Murder is worse than stealing. It is a worse crime. You write even worse than I do. \ عَلَى نَحْوٍ أَفْضَل \ better, well, best: in a better way: He drives better than I do. \ عَلَى نَحْو تامّ \ strictly: exactly: Strictly speaking (If I tell you the exact truth) this ticket is out of date; but I’ll let you travel with it. \ See Also كامل (كامِل)‏ \ عَلَى نَحْو خَطير \ badly: seriously: He was badly wounded. \ عَلَى نَحْو رَخْو \ loosely: in a loose way: a loosely tied knot. \ See Also غير مُحْكَم \ عَلَى نَحْو رَدِيء \ badly: in a bad manner: badly dressed; badly made. \ عَلَى نَحْو صارم \ strictly: very firmly: Smoking in this cinema is strictly forbidden. \ See Also دَقيق \ عَلَى نَحْو صَحيح \ right: correctly: You guessed right. \ عَلَى نَحْو صَحيح \ rightly: justly; correctly: You acted rightly. \ See Also ملائم (مُلائم)‏ \ عَلَى نَحْوٍ كَامِل \ absolutely: without conditions: You must agree absolutely and not to try to change matters later. \ عَلَى نَحو مألوف \ ordinarily: usually. \ عَلَى نَحْو مُرْضٍ \ well: (the adv. form of the adj. good; see better, best) in a good and pleasing way: Well done! You played very well. \ عَلَى نَحْو مُلحّ \ badly: (with need, want) very much: They need money badly. \ عَلَى وَشْك \ on the point of doing sth.: starting to do sth.: I was on the point of telephoning you, when I got your letter. \ عَلَى وَشْك أَنْ \ be about to do sth.: to be ready to do it; be just going to do it: I was about to go when he arrived. on the verge of: close to: She was on the verge of tears. \ عَلَى يَد (مِن قِبَل)‏ \ by: (showing who or what did sth.): He was bitten by a dog. \ عَلَى اليدين والرِّجلين \ on all fours: on hands and knees: She went down on all fours to look for the needle.

    Arabic-English dictionary > على

  • 19 escultismo

    1 scouting (organización) scout movement
    * * *
    * * *
    Ex. Even today, we can still say, Scouting is about three things: It's about fun, it's about values, and it's about learning.
    ----
    * escultismo, el = Scouts Movement, the.
    * * *
    el escultismo
    = Scouts Movement, the

    Ex: The basic philosophy of the Scouts Movement is to create cohesion, service to humanity and unselfishness among different segments of the society.

    Ex: Even today, we can still say, Scouting is about three things: It's about fun, it's about values, and it's about learning.

    * escultismo, el = Scouts Movement, the.

    * * *
    * * *
    scouting, scout movement
    * * *
    m scouting, scout movement

    Spanish-English dictionary > escultismo

  • 20 libre

    adj.
    1 free.
    un taxi libre a free o empty taxi
    el puesto de tesorero ha quedado libre the post of treasurer is now vacant
    ser libre de o para hacer algo to be free to do something
    2 external (pupil).
    estudiar por libre to be an external student
    3 floating.
    pres.subj.
    1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: librar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) free
    2 (asiento) free, vacant
    ¿está libre? is this seat free?
    4 (exento) free
    5 (alumno) external
    6 (en natación) free-style
    \
    dejar libre a alguien to set somebody free
    ir por libre familiar to do one's own thing
    entrada libre free admittance
    * * *
    adj.
    1) free
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) [gen] free (de from, of)

    ¿estás libre? — are you free?

    el martes estoy libre, así que podemos quedar — I'm free on Tuesday so we can meet up

    2) (=exento)
    3) (=sin ocupar) [plaza] vacant, unoccupied

    ¿está libre este asiento? — is this seat free?

    libre[parking] spaces; [taxi] for hire

    4) [tiempo] spare, free
    5)
    6)

    por libre (=por cuenta propia)

    ir o funcionar por libre — to go it alone

    7) (Dep, Natación)
    saque 1., 1), tiro 3)
    8) [traducción, adaptación, verso] free
    9)

    libre a bordo — (Com) free on board

    10) (=inmoral) loose, immoral

    de vida libre — loose-living, immoral

    2. SM
    1) (Dep) (=tiro) free kick
    2) Méx taxi
    3.
    SMF (Dep) (=jugador) sweeper
    * * *
    1) <país/pueblo> free

    libre de + inf — free to + inf

    2)
    a) <traducción/adaptación> free
    b) < estudiante> external

    ir por libre — (Esp fam) to do as one pleases

    3) ( no ocupado) <persona/tiempo/asiento> free

    ¿tienes un rato libre? — do you have a (spare) moment?

    ¿está libre el cuarto de baño? — is the bathroom free?

    4) (exento, no sujeto)

    libre de algo: la empresa queda libre de toda responsabilidad the company does not accept any responsibility; artículos libres de impuestos duty-free goods; nadie está libre de que le pase una cosa así — something like that could happen to any of us

    * * *
    = free [freer -comp., freest -sup.], unrestricted, unchecked, unconstrained, unhindered, uninhibited, unobstructed, untrammelled, vacant, unfettered, up for grabs, footloose, free-flowing, at large, unassigned, freewheeling [free-wheeling], fancy-free.
    Ex. Within a restriction of total record size of maximum of 30,000 characters, an intending user is free to format the records in his system.
    Ex. Although the library community advocates unrestricted access to resources for all, professional practices illustrate that librarians restrict access for youth.
    Ex. The volume of published material tends to grow unchecked, and academic libraries are expected to provide a ready market for it.
    Ex. Libraries need to tackle issues that can ensure that their clients will have an unconstrained access to electronic information.
    Ex. The USA is, therefore, campaigning for absolutely unhindered information flow across all national boundaries.
    Ex. Barriers to the uninhibited international flow of scientific and technical information continue to increase.
    Ex. From the library she could see miles and miles of unobstructed vistas of rich, coffee-brown, almost black soil, broken only by occasional small towns, farms, and grain elevators.
    Ex. In times of war, or other reasons for the imposition of barriers to untrammelled distribution of information, such openness in communication cannot be allowed.
    Ex. Again we find that only the first entry leads us to the specific subject, and the others may in fact lead us to ` vacant' headings, ie headings under which no entries are filed.
    Ex. This article urges those responsible to ensure that the service goal of libraries remains as unfettered as possible by a collective agreement.
    Ex. The article 'Internet domain name control up for grabs' relates the decision by the National Science Foundation, USA, not to renew its agreement with Network Solutions Inc to handle Internet domain registrations.
    Ex. Americans are among the most opulent and footloose people on earth.
    Ex. Creating an innovative organisation requires a sponsor followed by guidance by example and gradual change aided by free-flowing communication.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Librarian at large'.
    Ex. If you would like to volunteer to present on one of the unassigned listed topics, please contact me.
    Ex. The culture that grew around this institution was even more freewheeling than it is today.
    Ex. In those days, he was a fancy-free young American, living out of a suitcase with a red and green camera always under his arm.
    ----
    * actividad al aire libre = outdoor activity.
    * al aire libre = open-air, in the open, out of doors, outdoors.
    * barra libre = open bar.
    * biblioteca de libre acceso = open access library.
    * búsqueda de texto libre = free text search, free-text searching.
    * campo de texto libre = free-text field.
    * comida al aire libre = cookout.
    * de espíritu libre = free-spirited.
    * definición libre = liberal definition.
    * dejar las manos de uno libres de = free + Posesivo + hands from.
    * dejar libre = vacate, leave + vacant.
    * dejar tiempo libre = free up + time.
    * día libre = day off.
    * disponer de un rato libre = spare + time.
    * en los ratos libres de Uno = in + Posesivo + own time, on + Posesivo + own time.
    * escalada libre = free-climbing.
    * espacio al aire libre = outdoor space.
    * espíritu libre = free spirit.
    * esquí estilo libre = freestyle skiing.
    * esquí libre = freestyle skiing.
    * estanterías de libre acceso = open shelves.
    * estar libre de = be free from.
    * estilo libre = freestyle.
    * fondo de inversión libre = hedge fund.
    * fondos de acceso libre = open stacks.
    * fondos de libre acceso = open access stacks.
    * frase de texto libre = free-text phrase.
    * horas libres = released time.
    * indización en lenguaje libre = free language indexing.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * instalaciones para dedicar el tiempo libre = leisure facilities.
    * juego al aire libre = outdoor game.
    * lenguaje de indización libre = free indexing language.
    * lenguaje libre = free language.
    * libre albedrío = free will.
    * libre cambio = laissez-faire.
    * libre circulación de la información = free flow of information.
    * libre circulación de mercancías = free movement of goods.
    * libre comercio = free trade, free movement of goods.
    * libre como el viento = footloose and fancy-free.
    * libre de = unhampered by, unimpeded by, untrammelled by, unencumbered by.
    * libre de censura = uncensored.
    * libre de complicaciones = hassle-free.
    * libre de culpa = guilt-free, blameless.
    * libre de derechos de autor = royalty-free.
    * libre de drogas = drug-free.
    * libre de gravámenes = unencumbered.
    * libre de humo = smokeless.
    * libre de humos = smoke-free.
    * libre de impuestos = tariff-free, duty-free, tax-free.
    * libre de la amenaza de = unthreatened (by).
    * libre de peligro = free of danger.
    * libre de polvo = dust-free.
    * libre de preocupaciones = worry-free.
    * libre de problemas = problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free].
    * libre de restricciones = unencumbered.
    * libre de riesgo = riskless, risk-free.
    * libre de servicio = off-duty.
    * libre de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * libre de trabas = unencumbered.
    * libre mercado = free market.
    * libre y sin compromiso = footloose and fancy-free.
    * manos libres = hands-free.
    * mantener libre de = keep + free of.
    * mercadillo al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado libre = open market, free-for-all.
    * pasar el tiempo libre = spend + Posesivo + leisure time.
    * piscina al aire libre = outdoor pool, open-air swimming pool, open-air pool.
    * piscina climatizada al aire libre = outdoor heated pool.
    * por libre = freelance.
    * pregunta de respuesta libre = open-ended question.
    * programas de software libre = freeware.
    * puesto de trabajo de libre designación = line position.
    * quedar libre = become + vacant.
    * recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval.
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * software libre = freeware, free software.
    * teatro al aire libre = outdoor theatre.
    * tener un rato libre = spare + time.
    * tiempo libre = leisure, leisure time, free time, idle hours.
    * trabajo por libre = freelance [free-lance].
    * zona libre de humo = smoke-free zone, smoke-free area.
    * * *
    1) <país/pueblo> free

    libre de + inf — free to + inf

    2)
    a) <traducción/adaptación> free
    b) < estudiante> external

    ir por libre — (Esp fam) to do as one pleases

    3) ( no ocupado) <persona/tiempo/asiento> free

    ¿tienes un rato libre? — do you have a (spare) moment?

    ¿está libre el cuarto de baño? — is the bathroom free?

    4) (exento, no sujeto)

    libre de algo: la empresa queda libre de toda responsabilidad the company does not accept any responsibility; artículos libres de impuestos duty-free goods; nadie está libre de que le pase una cosa así — something like that could happen to any of us

    * * *
    = free [freer -comp., freest -sup.], unrestricted, unchecked, unconstrained, unhindered, uninhibited, unobstructed, untrammelled, vacant, unfettered, up for grabs, footloose, free-flowing, at large, unassigned, freewheeling [free-wheeling], fancy-free.

    Ex: Within a restriction of total record size of maximum of 30,000 characters, an intending user is free to format the records in his system.

    Ex: Although the library community advocates unrestricted access to resources for all, professional practices illustrate that librarians restrict access for youth.
    Ex: The volume of published material tends to grow unchecked, and academic libraries are expected to provide a ready market for it.
    Ex: Libraries need to tackle issues that can ensure that their clients will have an unconstrained access to electronic information.
    Ex: The USA is, therefore, campaigning for absolutely unhindered information flow across all national boundaries.
    Ex: Barriers to the uninhibited international flow of scientific and technical information continue to increase.
    Ex: From the library she could see miles and miles of unobstructed vistas of rich, coffee-brown, almost black soil, broken only by occasional small towns, farms, and grain elevators.
    Ex: In times of war, or other reasons for the imposition of barriers to untrammelled distribution of information, such openness in communication cannot be allowed.
    Ex: Again we find that only the first entry leads us to the specific subject, and the others may in fact lead us to ` vacant' headings, ie headings under which no entries are filed.
    Ex: This article urges those responsible to ensure that the service goal of libraries remains as unfettered as possible by a collective agreement.
    Ex: The article 'Internet domain name control up for grabs' relates the decision by the National Science Foundation, USA, not to renew its agreement with Network Solutions Inc to handle Internet domain registrations.
    Ex: Americans are among the most opulent and footloose people on earth.
    Ex: Creating an innovative organisation requires a sponsor followed by guidance by example and gradual change aided by free-flowing communication.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Librarian at large'.
    Ex: If you would like to volunteer to present on one of the unassigned listed topics, please contact me.
    Ex: The culture that grew around this institution was even more freewheeling than it is today.
    Ex: In those days, he was a fancy-free young American, living out of a suitcase with a red and green camera always under his arm.
    * actividad al aire libre = outdoor activity.
    * al aire libre = open-air, in the open, out of doors, outdoors.
    * barra libre = open bar.
    * biblioteca de libre acceso = open access library.
    * búsqueda de texto libre = free text search, free-text searching.
    * campo de texto libre = free-text field.
    * comida al aire libre = cookout.
    * de espíritu libre = free-spirited.
    * definición libre = liberal definition.
    * dejar las manos de uno libres de = free + Posesivo + hands from.
    * dejar libre = vacate, leave + vacant.
    * dejar tiempo libre = free up + time.
    * día libre = day off.
    * disponer de un rato libre = spare + time.
    * en los ratos libres de Uno = in + Posesivo + own time, on + Posesivo + own time.
    * escalada libre = free-climbing.
    * espacio al aire libre = outdoor space.
    * espíritu libre = free spirit.
    * esquí estilo libre = freestyle skiing.
    * esquí libre = freestyle skiing.
    * estanterías de libre acceso = open shelves.
    * estar libre de = be free from.
    * estilo libre = freestyle.
    * fondo de inversión libre = hedge fund.
    * fondos de acceso libre = open stacks.
    * fondos de libre acceso = open access stacks.
    * frase de texto libre = free-text phrase.
    * horas libres = released time.
    * indización en lenguaje libre = free language indexing.
    * industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.
    * instalaciones para dedicar el tiempo libre = leisure facilities.
    * juego al aire libre = outdoor game.
    * lenguaje de indización libre = free indexing language.
    * lenguaje libre = free language.
    * libre albedrío = free will.
    * libre cambio = laissez-faire.
    * libre circulación de la información = free flow of information.
    * libre circulación de mercancías = free movement of goods.
    * libre comercio = free trade, free movement of goods.
    * libre como el viento = footloose and fancy-free.
    * libre de = unhampered by, unimpeded by, untrammelled by, unencumbered by.
    * libre de censura = uncensored.
    * libre de complicaciones = hassle-free.
    * libre de culpa = guilt-free, blameless.
    * libre de derechos de autor = royalty-free.
    * libre de drogas = drug-free.
    * libre de gravámenes = unencumbered.
    * libre de humo = smokeless.
    * libre de humos = smoke-free.
    * libre de impuestos = tariff-free, duty-free, tax-free.
    * libre de la amenaza de = unthreatened (by).
    * libre de peligro = free of danger.
    * libre de polvo = dust-free.
    * libre de preocupaciones = worry-free.
    * libre de problemas = problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free].
    * libre de restricciones = unencumbered.
    * libre de riesgo = riskless, risk-free.
    * libre de servicio = off-duty.
    * libre de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * libre de trabas = unencumbered.
    * libre mercado = free market.
    * libre y sin compromiso = footloose and fancy-free.
    * manos libres = hands-free.
    * mantener libre de = keep + free of.
    * mercadillo al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado al aire libre = street market, open-air market.
    * mercado libre = open market, free-for-all.
    * pasar el tiempo libre = spend + Posesivo + leisure time.
    * piscina al aire libre = outdoor pool, open-air swimming pool, open-air pool.
    * piscina climatizada al aire libre = outdoor heated pool.
    * por libre = freelance.
    * pregunta de respuesta libre = open-ended question.
    * programas de software libre = freeware.
    * puesto de trabajo de libre designación = line position.
    * quedar libre = become + vacant.
    * recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval.
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * software libre = freeware, free software.
    * teatro al aire libre = outdoor theatre.
    * tener un rato libre = spare + time.
    * tiempo libre = leisure, leisure time, free time, idle hours.
    * trabajo por libre = freelance [free-lance].
    * zona libre de humo = smoke-free zone, smoke-free area.

    * * *
    A
    1 ‹país/pueblo› free
    lo dejaron libre they set him free
    2 libre DE + INF free to + INF
    eres libre de ir donde quieras you're free to go wherever you want
    soy muy libre de ir vestida como se me antoje I'm perfectly entitled to dress however I like
    3
    (sin compromiso): me confesó que no era libre he admitted that he wasn't a free man
    Compuestos:
    masculine free will
    libre cambio or comercio
    masculine free trade
    feminine free market, free market system
    masculine free market
    B
    1 ‹traducción/adaptación› free
    una redacción sobre tema libre an essay on a theme of your choice, a free composition
    los 200 metros libres the 200 meters freestyle
    2 ‹estudiante› external
    trabajar por libre to work freelance
    hacer algo por libre ( Esp); to do sth one's own way
    ir por libre ( Esp fam); to do as one pleases
    1 ‹persona› free
    ¿estás libre esta noche? are you free tonight?
    2 ‹tiempo› free
    ¿tienes un rato libre? do you have a (spare) moment?
    en sus ratos libres in her spare o free time
    hoy tengo el día libre I have the day off today
    cuando tengas un par de horas libres when you have a couple of hours free o to spare
    3 ‹asiento› free
    ¿ese asiento está libre? is that seat free?
    no pasó ni un taxi libre not a single empty taxi went by
    ¿está libre el cuarto de baño? is the bathroom free?
    [ S ] Parking: libre Parking Lot: spaces ( AmE), Car Park: spaces ( BrE)
    D (exento, no sujeto) libre DE algo:
    una propiedad libre de hipotecas an unmortgaged property
    la empresa queda libre de toda responsabilidad the company does not accept any responsibility
    artículos libres de impuestos duty-free o tax-free goods
    nadie está libre de culpa nobody is blameless
    nadie está libre de que le pase una cosa así something like that could happen to any of us
    libre de riesgo risk-free
    ( Méx)
    taxi
    * * *

     

    Del verbo librar: ( conjugate librar)

    libré es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    libre es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    librar    
    libre
    librar ( conjugate librar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( liberar) libre a algn de algo ‹ de peligro› to save sb from sth;
    de obligación/responsabilidad› to free sb from sth;
    ¡Dios nos libre! God forbid!

    2batalla/combate to fight
    librarse verbo pronominal:

    librese de algo ‹de tarea/obligación to get out of sth;
    librese de un castigo to escape punishment;
    se libró de tener que ayudarlo she got out of having to help him;
    se libreon de morir asfixiados they escaped being suffocated;
    librese de algn to get rid of sb
    libre adjetivo
    1país/pueblo free;

    eres libre de ir donde quieras you're free to go wherever you want;
    libre albedrío free will;
    libre cambio or comercio free trade;
    libre mercado free market
    2traducción/adaptación free;

    3 ( no ocupado) ‹persona/tiempo/asiento free;
    ¿tienes un rato libre? do you have a (spare) moment?;

    en sus ratos libres in her spare o free time;
    tengo el día libre I have the day off
    4 ( exento):

    librar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to free: me libró de un castigo, she let me off from a punishment
    2 (una orden de pago) to draw
    II vi (tener el día libre) libra los fines de semana, he has weekends off
    libre adjetivo free: está libre de sospecha, she's free from suspicion
    eres (muy) libre de hacerlo, you are quite free to do it
    libre de impuestos, tax-free
    ¡vía libre!, make way!
    ' libre' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aire
    - albedrío
    - bufé
    - carga
    - desocupada
    - desocupado
    - día
    - entrada
    - franca
    - franco
    - hueca
    - hueco
    - impuesta
    - impuesto
    - librar
    - lucha
    - perilla
    - plaza
    - radical
    - suelta
    - suelto
    - tiempo
    - tienda
    - Tiro
    - tomarse
    - traducción
    - vía
    - aduana
    - caída
    - despejado
    - dios
    - dueño
    - economía
    - estilo
    - falta
    - hora
    - lavadero
    - limpiar
    - limpio
    - lugar
    - melé
    - ocio
    - ocupar
    - paso
    - puerto
    - sacar
    - teatro
    - tiro
    - tomar
    - tranquilo
    English:
    all-in wrestling
    - available
    - buffet
    - clear
    - clearance
    - day off
    - door
    - duty-free
    - economy
    - equity
    - festival
    - free
    - free enterprise
    - free fall
    - free kick
    - free love
    - free rein
    - free trade
    - free-style
    - garden party
    - have off
    - hire
    - leisure time
    - liberal
    - liberty
    - off
    - open
    - open-air
    - outdoor
    - outdoors
    - outdoorsman
    - own
    - place
    - quit
    - sky-dive
    - sky-diver
    - sleep out
    - smokeless zone
    - spare
    - take off
    - tax free
    - unoccupied
    - vacancy
    - vacant
    - day
    - demand
    - duty
    - enterprise
    - foot
    - freelance
    * * *
    libre adj
    1. [sin limitaciones] free;
    el amor libre free love;
    ser libre de o [m5] para hacer algo to be free to do sth;
    eres libre de hacer lo que quieras you are free to do as you wish;
    es libre para casarse con quien quiera she is free to marry whoever she pleases;
    entrada libre [en letrero] entry free
    libre albedrío free will; Econ libre cambio free trade; [de divisas] floating exchange rates; Econ libre circulación de capitales free circulation of capital;
    libre circulación de mercancías free movement of goods;
    libre circulación de personas free movement of people;
    libre mercado free market
    2. [no encarcelado] free
    3. [país] free
    4. [sin novio, pareja] free, available
    5. [sin obstáculos] [camino, carretera] clear
    6.
    libre de [exento] exempt from;
    libre de culpa free from blame;
    libre de franqueo esp Br post-free, US postage-free;
    libre de impuestos [alcohol, cigarrillos] tax-free, duty-free
    7. [desocupado] [asiento] free;
    [retrete] vacant; [casa] empty;
    ¿estarás libre mañana? will you be free tomorrow?;
    el puesto de tesorero ha quedado libre the post of treasurer is now vacant;
    un taxi libre a free o empty taxi;
    libre [en taxi] for hire;
    ahora no tengo las manos libres my hands are full at the moment;
    aparcamiento: libre [en letrero] parking: spaces
    8. [tiempo] free, spare;
    cuando tenga un rato libre, te llamo I'll call you when I've got a (spare) moment;
    en mis ratos libres me gusta tocar el piano in my spare o free time I like to play the piano;
    mañana tengo el día libre I've got the day off tomorrow;
    tengo dos horas libres I have two hours spare
    9. [independiente] independent;
    [alumno] external;
    trabajar por libre to work freelance;
    estudiar por libre to be an external student;
    Esp
    ir por libre to do things one's own way;
    Esp
    cuando viajo me gusta ir por libre más que ir en grupo I prefer travelling alone to travelling in a group
    10. [estilo, traducción] free;
    Dep
    200 metros libres 200 metres freestyle
    * * *
    adj free; tiempo spare, free;
    eres libre de you’re free to;
    trabajar por libre be self-employed;
    * * *
    libre adj
    1) : free
    un país libre: a free country
    libre de: free from, exempt from
    libre albedrío: free will
    2) desocupado: vacant
    3)
    día libre : day off
    * * *
    libre adj free
    libre de impuestos tax free / duty free

    Spanish-English dictionary > libre

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